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Pope Leo X 11 December — 1 Decemberborn Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Mediciwas Pope from 9 March to his death in Following the death of Pope Julius IIGiovanni was elected pope after securing the backing of the younger members of the Sacred College.

Early on in his rule he oversaw the closing sessions of the Fifth Council of the Lateranbut failed sufficiently to implement the reforms agreed. In he led a costly war that succeeded in securing his nephew as duke of Urbinobut which damaged the papal finances. He later only narrowly escaped a plot by some cardinals to poison him. He is probably best remembered for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St.

Peter's Basilicawhich practice was challenged by Martin Luther 's 95 Theses. He seems not to have taken seriously the array of demands for church reform that would quickly grow into the Protestant Reformation. His Papal Bull ofExsurge Dominesimply condemned Luther on a number of areas and made ongoing engagement difficult.

He did, however, grant establishment to the Oratory of Divine Love. He borrowed and spent heavily. A significant patron of the arts, upon election Leo is alleged to have said, "Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it". Under his reign, progress was made on the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica and artists such as Raphael decorated the Vatican rooms.

Leo also reorganised the Roman Universityand promoted the study of literature, poetry and antiquities. He died in and is buried in Santa Maria sopra MinervaRome. He was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election to the papacy.

Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici was born on December 11, in the Republic of Florencethe second son of Lorenzo the Magnificentwho was head of the Florentine Republic. From an early age he was destined for an ecclesiastical career. He received the tonsure at the age of seven and was soon granted rich benefices and preferments.

His father prevailed on his relative Innocent VIII to name him cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica on 8 March when he was age 13, [2] although he was not allowed to wear the insignia or share in the deliberations of the college until three years later. Meanwhile, he received an education at Lorenzo's humanistic court under such men as Angelo PolizianoPico della MirandolaMarsilio Ficino and Bernardo Dovizio Bibbiena.

From to he studied theology and canon law at Pisa. On 23 Marchhe was formally admitted into the Sacred College of Cardinals and took up his residence at Romereceiving a letter of advice from his father.

The death of Lorenzo on the following 8 April, however, temporarily recalled the year-old Giovanni to Florence. He returned to Rome to participate in the conclave of which followed the death of Innocent VIII, and unsuccessfully opposed the election of Cardinal Borgia elected as Pope Alexander VI.

He subsequently made his home with his elder brother Piero in Florence throughout the agitation of Savonarola and the invasion of Charles VIII of Franceuntil the uprising of the Florentines and the expulsion of the Medici in November While Piero found refuge at Venice and UrbinoGiovanni traveled in Germanyin the Netherlandsand in France. In Mayhe returned to Rome, where he was received with outward cordiality by Pope Alexander VIand where he lived for several years immersed in art and literature.

In he welcomed the accession of Pope Julius II a relative to the pontificate; the death of Piero de' Medici in the same year made Giovanni head of his family. On 1 October he was appointed papal legate of Bologna and the Romagnaand when the Florentine republic declared in favour of the schismatic Pisans, Julius II sent him against his native city at the head of the papal army. This and other attempts to regain political control of Florence were frustrated until a bloodless revolution permitted the return of the Medici.

Giovanni's younger brother Giuliano was placed at the head of the republic, [3] but Giovanni managed the government. Giovanni was elected Pope on 9 Marchand this was proclaimed two days later. On 15 Marchhe was ordained priest, and consecrated as bishop on 17 March. He was crowned Pope on 19 March at the age of He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. Leo had intended his younger brother Giuliano and his nephew Lorenzo for brilliant secular careers.

He had named them Roman patricians ; the latter he had placed in charge of Florence; the former, for whom he planned to carve out a kingdom in central Italy of Parma, Piacenza, Ferrara and Urbino, he had taken with himself to Rome and married to Filiberta of Savoy.

The death of Giuliano in Marchhowever, caused the pope to transfer his ambitions to Lorenzo. At the very time December that peace between France, Spain, Venice and the Empire seemed to give some promise of a Christendom united against the Turks, Leo obtainedducats towards the expenses of the expedition from Henry VIII of Englandin return for which he entered the imperial league of Spain and England against France.

The war lasted from February to September and ended with the expulsion of the duke and the triumph of Lorenzo; but it revived the policy of Alexander VI, increased brigandage and anarchy in the Papal Stateshindered the preparations for a crusade and wrecked the papal finances. Francesco Guicciardini reckoned the cost of the war to Leo at the sum ofducats. Ultimately, however, Lorenzo was confirmed as the new duke of Urbino. The war of Urbino was further marked by a crisis in the relations between pope and cardinals.

The sacred college had allegedly grown especially worldly and troublesome since the time of Sixtus IVand Leo took advantage of a plot of several of its members to poison him, not only to inflict exemplary punishments by executing one Alfonso Petrucci and imprisoning several others, but also to make a radical change in the college.

On 3 July he published the names of thirty-one new cardinals, a number almost unprecedented in the history of the papacy. Among the nominations were such notable men such as Lorenzo CampeggioGiambattista PallaviciniAdrian of UtrechtThomas CajetanCristoforo Numai and Egidio Canisio. The naming of seven members of prominent Roman families, however, reversed the policy of his predecessor which had kept the political factions of the city out of the Curia.

Other promotions were for political or family considerations or to secure money for the war against Urbino. The pope was accused of having exaggerated the conspiracy of the cardinals for purposes of financial gain, but most of such accusations appear unsubstantiated. Leo, meanwhile, felt the need of staying the advance of the Ottoman sultanSelim Iwho was threatening western Europeand made elaborate plans for a crusade. A truce was to be proclaimed throughout Christendom; the pope was to be the arbiter of disputes; the emperor and the king of France were to lead the army; England, Spain and Portugal were to furnish the fleet; and the combined forces were to be directed against Constantinople.

Papal diplomacy in the interests of peace failed, however; Cardinal Wolsey made England, not the pope, the arbiter between France and the Empire; and much of the money collected for the crusade from tithes and indulgences was spent in other ways. In the Kingdom of Hungary concluded a three years' truce with Selim I, but the succeeding sultan, Suleiman the Magnificentrenewed the war in June and on 28 August captured the citadel of Belgrade.

The pope was greatly alarmed, and although he was then involved in war with France he sent about 30, ducats to the Hungarians. Leo treated the Eastern Catholic Greeks with great loyalty, and by bull of 18 May forbade Latin clergy to celebrate mass in Greek churches and Latin bishops to ordain Greek clergy.

These provisions were later strengthened by Clement VII and Paul III and went far to settle the constant disputes between the Latins and Uniate Greeks. Leo was disturbed throughout his pontificate by schism, especially the Reformation sparked by Martin Luther.

In response to concerns about misconduct from some indulgence preachers, in Martin Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses on the topic of indulgences. The resulting pamphlet spread Luther's ideas throughout Germany and Europe. Leo failed to fully comprehend the importance of the movement, and in February he directed the vicar-general of the Augustinians to impose silence on his monks.

On 24 May, Luther sent an explanation of his theses to the pope; on 7 August he was summoned to appear at Rome. An arrangement was effected, however, whereby that summons was cancelled, and Luther went instead to Augsburg in October to meet the papal legate, Cardinal Cajetan ; but neither the arguments of the cardinal, nor Leo's dogmatic papal bull of 9 November requiring all Christians to believe in the pope's power to grant indulgences, moved Luther to retract.

A year of fruitless negotiations followed, during which the controversy took popular root across the German States. A further papal bull of 15 JuneExsurge Domine or Arise, O Lordcondemned forty-one propositions extracted from Luther's teachings, and was taken to Germany by Eck in his capacity as apostolic nuncio. Leo followed by formally excommunicating Luther by the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem or It Pleases the Roman Pontiffon 3 January In a brief the Pope also directed Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to take energetic measures against heresy.

It was also under Leo that Lutheranism spread into Scandinavia. The pope had repeatedly used the rich northern benefices to reward members of the Roman curia, and towards the close of the year he sent the impolitic Arcimboldi as papal nuncio to Denmark to collect money for St Peter's.

This led to the Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein. King Christian II took advantage of the growing dissatisfaction of the native clergy toward the papal government, and of Arcimboldi's interference in the Swedish revolt, to expel the nuncio and summon Lutheran theologians to Copenhagen in Christian approved a plan by which a formal state church should be established in Denmark, all appeals to Rome should be abolished, and the king and diet should have final jurisdiction in ecclesiastical causes.

Leo sent a new nuncio to Copenhagen in the person of the Minorite Francesco de Potentia, who readily absolved the king and received the rich bishopric of Skara. The pope or his legate, however, took no steps to remove abuses or otherwise reform the Scandinavian churches.

That Leo did not do more to check the anti-papal rebellion in Germany and Scandinavia is to be partially explained by the political complications of the time, and by his own preoccupation with papal and Medicean politics in Italy. The death of the emperor Maximilian in had seriously affected the situation. Leo vacillated between the powerful candidates for the succession, allowing it to appear at first that he favoured Francis or a minor German prince.

He finally accepted Charles of Spain as inevitable. Leo was now eager to unite Ferrara, Parma and Piacenza to the States of the Church The Papal States.

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An attempt late in to seize Ferrara failed, and the pope recognized the need for foreign aid. In May a treaty of alliance was signed at Rome between him and the emperor. Milan and Genoa were to be taken from France and restored to the Empire, and Parma and Piacenza were to be given to the Church on the expulsion of the French. The expense of enlisting 10, Swiss was to be borne equally by pope and emperor.

Charles V took Florence and the Medici family under his protection and promised to punish all enemies of the Catholic faith.

Leo agreed to invest Charles V with the Kingdom of Naples, to crown him Holy Roman Emperor, and to aid in a war against Venice. It was provided that England and the Swiss reuters forex rates also join the league. Henry VIII announced his adherence in August Francis I had already begun war with Charles V in Cash frog leap learn pretend registerand in Italy, too, the French made the first hostile movement on 23 June Leo at once announced that he would excommunicate the king of France and release his subjects from their allegiance unless Francis I laid down his arms and surrendered Parma and Piacenza to the Church.

The pope lived to hear the joyful news of the capture of Milan from the French and of the occupation by papal troops of the long-coveted provinces November Having fallen ill with bronchopneumonia[6] Pope Leo X died on 1 Decemberso suddenly that the last sacraments could not be administered; but the contemporary suspicions of poison were unfounded. He was buried in Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Leo had a musical and pleasant voice and was cheerful in temper. He especially delighted in ex tempore Latin verse-making at which he excelled and cultivated improvisatori. The character of Leo X was formerly assailed by lurid aspersions of debauchery, murder, impiety, and atheism.

In the 17th century it was estimated that or writers, more or less, reported on the authority of a single doug west binary option matlab anti-Catholic source a story that when someone had quoted to Leo a passage from one of the Four Evangelistshe had replied that it was common knowledge "how profitable that fable of Christe hath ben to us and our companie.

Humane, beneficent, generous, affable; the patron of every art, and paypal conversion rate dollar to euro of every virtue".

Indeed, the published opinion of so many great men and the repute of your blameless life are too widely famed and barclays bank uganda forex rates much reverenced throughout the world to be assailed by any man, of however great name, or by any arts. I am not so foolish to attack one whom everybody praises The final report of the Venetian ambassador Marino Giorgi supports Hume's assessment of affability, and testifies to the range of Leo's talents.

The pope is a good-natured and extremely free-hearted man, who avoids every difficult situation and above all wants peace; he would not undertake a war himself unless his own personal interests were involved; he loves learning; of canon law and literature he possesses remarkable knowledge; he is, moreover, a very excellent musician.

Leo is the fifth of the six popes who are unfavorably profiled by historian Barbara Tuchman in The March of Follyand who are accused by her of precipitating the Protestant Reformation. Tuchman describes Leo as a cultured - if religiously devout - hedonist. Leo X's love for all forms of art stemmed from the humanistic education he received in Florencehis studies in Cash frog leap learn pretend register and his extensive travel throughout Europe when a youth.

He loved the Latin poems of the humanists, the tragedies of the Greeks and the comedies of Cardinal Bibbiena and Ariostowhile relishing the accounts sent back by the explorers of the New World.

Yet "Such a humanistic interest was itself religious. In the Renaissancethe vines of the classical world and the Christian world, of Rome, were seen as intertwined. It was a historically minded culture where artists' representations of Cupid and the Madonna forex urdu books, of Hercules and St.

Peter could exist side-by-side". Pastor says that "From his youth Leo, who had a fine ear and a indikator forex no repaint gratis voice, loved music to the pitch of fanaticism".

Next to goldsmiths, the highest salaries recorded in the papal accounts are those paid to musicians, who also received largesse from Leo's private purse.

Their services were retained fx currency pairs correlation so much for the delectation of Leo and his guests at private social functions as for the enhancement of religious services on which the pope placed great store. The standard of singing of the papal choir was a particular object of Leo's concern, with French, Dutch, Spanish and Italian singers being retained.

Large sums of money were also spent on the acquisition of highly ornamented musical instruments, and he was especially assiduous in securing musical scores from Florence. Learning money with leo Petrucciwho had overcome practical difficulties in the way of using movable type to print musical notation, obtained from Leo X the exclusive privilege of printing organ scores which, according to the papal brief, "adds greatly to the dignity of divine worship" for a period for 15 years from 22 October Even those who defend him against the more outlandish attacks on his character condemn him for what is stock market bubbles and crashes love of masquerades, buffoonery and low jests, his irresponsible frivolous pursuits, and his inordinate passion for fowling and hunting boar and other wild beasts.

Leo indulged buffoons at his Court, but also tolerated cruel antics which made them the object of ridicule. A notorious case concerned the conceited improvisatore Giacomo Baraballo, Abbot of Gaeta, who was the butt of a burlesque procession organised in the style of an ancient Roman triumph. Baraballo was dressed in festal robes of velvet and silk trimmed with ermine and presented to the pope.

He was then taken to the piazza of St Peter's and was mounted on the back of Hanno, a white elephantthe gift of King Manuel I of Portugal. The magnificently ornamented animal was then led off in the direction of the Capitol to the sound of drums and trumpets. But while crossing the bridge of Sant'Angelo over the Tiberthe elephant, already distressed by the noise and confusion around him, shied violently, throwing his passenger onto the muddy riverbank below.

Leo's most recent biographer, Carlo Falconiclaims Leo hid a private life of moral irregularity behind a mask of urbanity. Zimmerman notes Giovio's "disapproval of the pope's familiar banter with his chamberlains winoptions binary options terms and conditions handsome young men from noble families - and the advantage he was said to take of them. Martin Lutherwho had spent time in Rome [29] said that Leo had vetoed a measure that cardinals should restrict the number of boys they kept for their pleasure, "otherwise it would have been spread throughout the world how openly and shamelessly the pope and the cardinals in Rome practice sodomy"; encouraging Germans not to spend time fighting fellow countrymen in defense of the papacy.

Since the late 18th century, historians both Catholic and non-Catholic have reviewed and given no credence to such imputations of unchastity made against Leo in the years and decades following his death, or else have regarded them as unworthy of notice; without necessarily reaching conclusions on whether fxcop 10 command line options was homosexual.

Leo X was also lavish in charity: As learning money with leo patron of learning Leo X deserves a prominent place among the popes. He raised the Church to a high rank as the friend of whatever seemed to extend knowledge or to refine and embellish life.

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He made the capital of Christendom, Rome, a center of European culture. While yet a cardinal, he had restored the church of Santa Stock broking firms india in Domnica after Raphael's designs; and as pope he ameritrade commissions options San Giovanni dei Fiorentinion the Via Giuliabuilt, after designs by Jacopo Sansovino and pressed forward the work on St Peter's Basilica and the Vatican under Raphael and Agostino Chigi.

Leo's constitution of 5 November reformed the Roman university, which had been neglected by Julius II. He restored all its faculties, gave larger salaries to the professors, and summoned distinguished teachers from afar; and, although it bull call spread trading attained to the importance of Padua or Bologna, it nevertheless possessed in a faculty with a good reputation of eighty-eight professors.

Leo called Janus Lascaris to Rome to give instruction in Greek, and established a Greek printing-press from which the first Greek book printed at Rome appeared in He made Raphael custodian of the classical antiquities of Rome and the vicinity.

The distinguished Latinists Pietro Bembo and Jacopo Sadoleto non-qualified employee stock option motorola papal secretaries, as well as the famous poet Bernardo Accolti.

Other poets such as Marco Girolamo VidaGian Giorgio Trissino and Bibbiena, writers of novelle like Matteo Bandelloand a hundred other literati of the time were bishops, or papal scriptors or abbreviatorsor in other papal employ. Under his pontificate, Latin Christianity assumed a pagan, Greco-Roman character, which, passing from art into manners, gives to this epoch a strange complexion. Crimes for the moment disappeared, to give place to vices; but to charming vices, vices in good taste, such as those indulged in by Alcibiades and sung by Catullus.

Leo's lively interest in art and literature, to say nothing of his natural liberality, his alleged nepotism, his political ambitions and necessities, and his immoderate personal luxury, exhausted within two years the hard roth ira total stock market of Julius II, and precipitated a financial crisis from which he never emerged and which was a direct cause of most of what, from a papal point of view, were calamities of his pontificate.

He sold cardinals' hats. He sold membership in the "Knights of Peter". He borrowed large sums from bankers, curials, princes and Jews. The Venetian ambassador Gradenigo estimated the paying number of offices on Leo's death at 2, with a capital value of nearly 3, ducats and a yearly income ofducats.

The ordinary income of the pope for the year had been reckoned at aboutducats, of whichcame from the States of the Church,from annatesand 60, from the composition tax instituted by Sixtus IV. These sums, together with the considerable amounts accruing from indulgences, jubilees, and special fees, vanished as quickly as they natural disasters stock market received.

Then buffalo tx livestock market report pope resorted to pawning palace furniture, table plate, jewels, even statues of the apostles.

Several banking firms and many individual creditors were ruined by the death of Leo. Several minor events of Leo's pontificate are worthy of mention. He was particularly friendly with King Manuel I of Portugal as a result of the latter's missionary enterprises in Asia and Africa.

His concordat with Florence guaranteed the free election of the clergy in that city. His constitution of 1 March condemned the learn how to trade penny stocks of Spain's claim to refuse the publication of papal bulls.

He maintained close relations with Poland because of the Turkish advance and the Polish contest with the Teutonic Knights. His bull of Julywhich regulated the discipline of the Polish Church, was later transformed into a concordat by Clement VII. Leo showed special favours to the Jews and permitted them to erect a Hebrew printing -press at Rome. He approved the formation of the Oratory of Divine Love, a group of pious men pound dollar exchange rate forecast graph Rome which later became the Theatine Order making money with ms excel, and he canonized Francis of Paola.

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Leo is a significant character in Lawrence Norfolk 's book, The Pope's Rhinocerospublished in He also appears throughout the novel, Memoirs of a Gnostic Dwarfby David Madsen In the cinema, Leo X has mostly appeared in films dealing with the life of the German reformer Martin Luther.

An exception to this is the British film drama, The Cardinalin which Cardinal Medici before he became Popeis played by Matheson Lang and deals with the crisis with France and political intrigues in Rome during the papacy of Julius II. Leo X was also portrayed as a Cardinal, by Adolfo Celi in the movie The Agony and the Ecstasy.

In he was played by Robert Morley ; inby Tom Baker. In the film "Luther", set when Leo was pope, he was portrayed as a minor character and was played by Uwe Ochsenknecht. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Abbot Ordinary of Montecassino — Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica — Apostolic Administrator of Pesaro — Apostolic Administrator of Amalfi — Bishops consecrated by as principal consecrator. Mediateca di Palazzo Medici Riccardi. See also Pastorpp. Pastorp. Roscoepp. Vaughan, reviewing the allegation of blasphemous infidelity, called it "a spiteful and monstrous invention by a rabid or unscrupulous Reformer".

Vaughanpp. See Hans Joachim Hillerbrand, The Division of ChristendomWestminster John Knox Press Louisville,p.

And see Pastorpp. For the characterisation of the relevant passages few and brief in these authors, see, e. Interpretation and the Sexual Culture of a Renaissance Papal Court", comprising chap.

To these can be added Zimmerman, T. The Historian and the Crisis of Sixteenth-Century ItalyPrinceton University Pressciting at p.

Two pages later Zimmerman notes Giovio's penchant for gossip. See on this, Hillerbrandp. Pontificis Maximi Vita at note 84, and quoted in the material part by Roscoep. Fabroni, Angelo, Leone X: Pontificis Maximi VitaPisa at p. Those who have treated of the life of Leo at any length and ignored the imputations, or summarily dismissed them, include: Gregorovius, FerdinandHistory of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages Eng.

Hamilton, Annie, Londonvol. XVI ; Creighton, MandellA History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of RomeLondon new edn. Godfathers of the Renaissance a popular historyLondonpbkp. Of these, Pastor and Hayes are known Catholics, and Roscoe, Gregorovius, and Creighton are known non-Catholics. Falconi, CarloLeone XMilano Giovanni Dall'Orto gathered and reviewed the most relevant material including Falconi, pp.

Joseph McCabe accused Pastor of untruthfulness and Vaughan of lying in course of their treatment of the evidence, but himself went no further than saying that Giovio and Guicciardini "seem to share" a belief that Leo engaged in "unnatural vice" homosexuality while pope: Popes of the Catholic Church.

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Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III.

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Medici lions Medici porcelain Medici Vase Venus de' Medici Arazzeria Medicea. Medici giraffe Galilean moons Stories set to music: Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF: Retrieved from " https: Cardinal-nephews Pope Leo X Italian popes Anti-Protestantism People from Florence House of Medici births deaths 15th-century Italian people 16th-century Italian people Renaissance Papacy Burials at Santa Maria sopra Minerva Popes Simony 16th-century popes.

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Other popes named Leo. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Wikisource has original works written by or about: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leo X. Pope Leo X House of Medici Born: Pope 9 March — 1 December Body and soul Catechism Divine grace Dogma Ecclesiology Four Marks of the Church Original sin Saint List Salvation Sermon on the Mount Ten Commandments Trinity Worship Mariology Assumption History Immaculate Conception Mariology of the popes Mariology of the saints Mother of God Perpetual virginity Veneration.

Lords of Florence Cosimo il Vecchio Piero "The Gouty" Lorenzo il Magnifico Giuliano Piero il Fatuo Giovanni Leo X Giuliano Lorenzo II Giulio Clement VII Ippolito Alessandro "The Moor". Painters, sculptors and architects Bartolomeo Ammannati Sandro Botticelli Filippo Brunelleschi Michelangelo Bernardo Buontalenti Leonardo da Vinci Donatello Michelozzo Antonio del Pollaiolo Jacopo della Quercia Giorgio Vasari.