Term for stock market crash

Posted: brig231.narod.ru Date of post: 24.05.2017

A stock market crash is a sudden dramatic decline of stock prices across a significant cross-section of a stock market , resulting in a significant loss of paper wealth. Crashes are driven by panic as much as by underlying economic factors.

They often follow speculative stock market bubbles. Stock market crashes are social phenomena where external economic events combine with crowd behavior and psychology in a positive feedback loop where selling by some market participants drives more market participants to sell. Generally speaking, crashes usually occur under the following conditions: There is no numerically specific definition of a stock market crash but the term commonly applies to steep double-digit percentage losses in a stock market index over a period of several days.

Crashes are often distinguished from bear markets by panic selling and abrupt, dramatic price declines. Bear markets are periods of declining stock market prices that are measured in months or years. Crashes are often associated with bear markets, however, they do not necessarily go hand in hand. The crash of , for example, did not lead to a bear market. Likewise, the Japanese bear market of the s occurred over several years without any notable crashes.

The mathematical description of stock market movements has been a subject of intense interest. The conventional assumption has been that stock markets behave according to a random log-normal distribution. Mandelbrot and others suggested that the nature of market moves is generally much better explained using non-linear analysis and concepts of chaos theory.

Robert Prechter 's reversal proved to be the crack that started the avalanche'. Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology suggests that there is evidence the frequency of stock market crashes follows an inverse cubic power law.

term for stock market crash

Didier Sornette 's work suggest that stock market crashes are a sign of self-organized criticality in financial markets. Research at the New England Complex Systems Institute has found warning signs of crashes using new statistical analysis tools of complexity theory.

This work suggests that the panics that lead to crashes come from increased mimicry in the market. A dramatic increase in market mimicry occurred during the whole year before each market crash of the past 25 years, including the recent financial crisis. When investors closely follow each other's cues, it is easier for panic to take hold and affect the market.

This work is a mathematical demonstration of a significant advance warning sign of impending market crashes. The economy had been growing fluently [ clarification needed ] for most of the Roaring Twenties. It was a technological golden age, as innovations such as the radio, automobile, aviation, telephone, and the power grid were deployed and adopted.

Companies that had pioneered these advances, like Radio Corporation of America RCA and General Motors , saw their stocks soar. Financial corporations also did well, as Wall Street bankers floated mutual fund companies then known as investment trusts like the Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation.

Investors were infatuated with the returns available in the stock market, especially by the use of leverage through margin debt. On August 24, , the Dow Jones Industrial Average stood at a value of By September 3, , it had risen more than sixfold, touching It would not regain this level for another 25 years. By the summer of , it was clear that the economy was contracting, and the stock market went through a series of unsettling price declines.

These declines fed investor anxiety, and events came to a head on October 24, 28, and 29 known respectively as Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday.

On Black Monday, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell points to , a drop of The deluge of selling overwhelmed the ticker tape system that normally gave investors the current prices of their shares. Telephone lines and telegraphs were clogged and were unable to cope. This information vacuum only led to more fear and panic. The technology of the New Era, previously much celebrated by investors, now served to deepen their suffering. The following day, Black Tuesday, was a day of chaos.

Forced to liquidate their stocks because of margin calls , overextended investors flooded the exchange with sell orders. The Dow fell 30 points to close at on that day. The glamour stocks of the age saw their values plummet.

The markets rallied in succeeding months, but it was a temporary recovery that led unsuspecting investors into further losses. The crash was followed by the Great Depression , the worst economic crisis of modern times, which plagued the stock market and Wall Street throughout the s.

The mids were a time of strong economic optimism. From August to its peak in August , the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA grew from to The rise in market indices for the 19 largest markets in the world averaged percent during this period. The average number of shares traded on the NYSE had risen from 65 million shares to million shares.

The crash on October 19 , , a date that is also known as Black Monday , was the climactic culmination of a market decline that had begun five days before on October The DJIA fell 3. On Black Monday, the Dow Jones Industrials Average plummeted points, losing The NASDAQ Composite lost only Deluged with sell orders, many stocks on the NYSE faced trading halts and delays.

term for stock market crash

Of the 2, NYSE-listed stocks, there were trading delays and halts during the day. Because of its reliance on a "market making" system that allowed market makers to withdraw from trading, liquidity in NASDAQ stocks dried up. Trading in many stocks encountered a pathological condition where the bid price for a stock exceeded the ask price.

These "locked" conditions severely curtailed trading. On October 19, trading in Microsoft shares on the NASDAQ lasted a total of 54 minutes. The Crash was the greatest single-day loss that Wall Street had ever suffered in continuous trading up to that point. Between the start of trading on October 14 to the close on October 19, the DJIA lost points, a decline of over 31 percent.

The Crash was a worldwide phenomenon. The FTSE Index lost In the month of October, all major world markets declined substantially. The least affected was Austria a fall of Despite fears of a repeat of the s Depression, the market rallied immediately after the crash, posting a record one-day gain of It took only two years for the Dow to recover completely; by September , the market had regained all of the value it had lost in the crash. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained six-tenths of a percent during the calendar year No definitive conclusions have been reached on the reasons behind the Crash.

Aside from the general worries of stock market overvaluation, blame for the collapse has been apportioned to such factors as program trading , portfolio insurance and derivatives , and prior news of worsening economic indicators i. One of the consequences of the Crash was the introduction of the circuit breaker or trading curb on the NYSE.

Based upon the idea that a cooling off period would help dissipate investor panic, these mandatory market shutdowns are triggered whenever a large pre-defined market decline occurs during the trading day. On September 16, , failures of massive financial institutions in the United States, due primarily to exposure to packaged subprime loans and credit default swaps issued to insure these loans and their issuers, rapidly devolved into a global crisis.

This resulted in a number of bank failures in Europe and sharp reductions in the value of stocks and commodities worldwide. Iceland obtained an emergency loan from the International Monetary Fund in November.

The Times of London reported that the meltdown was being called the Crash of , and older traders were comparing it with Black Monday in This has been relentless all week. From October the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA closed lower in all five sessions.

Volume levels were record-breaking. Having been suspended for three successive trading days October 9, 10, and 13 , the Icelandic stock market reopened on 14 October, with the main index, the OMX Iceland 15 , closing at This reflected that the value of the three big banks, which had formed Later that day, the deputy governor of the Bank of England, Charles Bean, suggested that "This is a once in a lifetime crisis, and possibly the largest financial crisis of its kind in human history.

One mitigation strategy has been the introduction of trading curbs , also known as "circuit breakers", which are a trading halt in the cash market and the corresponding trading halt in the derivative markets triggered by the halt in the cash market, all of which are affected based on substantial movements in a broad market indicator. There are three thresholds, which represent different levels of decline in the DJIA in terms of points.

These thresholds are set at the beginning of each quarter to establish a specific point value. For example, in the second quarter of , Threshold 1 was a drop of points, Threshold 2 was points, and Threshold 3 was points.

term for stock market crash

In France , the main French stock index is called the CAC Daily price limits are implemented in cash and derivative markets. Securities traded on the markets are divided into three categories according to the number and volume of daily transactions. Price limits for each security vary by category. For instance, for the more [ most? When such a suspension occurs, transactions on options based on the underlying security are also suspended.

Crash of , stock market | Define Crash of , stock market at wunesajoc.web.fc2.com

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wall Street Crash of Financial crisis of — Mass hysteria Behavioral finance Business cycle Economic bubble Economic collapse Financial market Financial crisis Flight-to-liquidity Market trend Modeling and analysis of financial markets Stock market boom Stock market bubble.

Financial crisis of —08 Great Depression Meltdown Monday Subprime mortgage crisis Flash crash —16 Chinese stock market crash United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, The Great Crash , edition, Houghton Mifflin Co. A Random Walk Down Wall Street 6th ed.

Alchemy of Finance , Wiley Investment Classics. The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, Eugene 6 July The Mississippi Bubble South Sea Bubble of Panic of Panic of — Panic of Panic of Panic of Panic of Panic of Black Friday Panic of Paris Bourse crash of Panic of Encilhamento Panic of Panic of Panic of Panic of Depression of —21 Wall Street Crash of Recession of —38 Brazilian markets crash —74 stock market crash Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash Japanese asset price bubble — Black Monday Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse Friday the 13th mini-crash s Japanese stock market crash Dot-com bubble — Asian financial crisis October 27, , mini-crash Russian financial crisis.

List of stock market crashes and bear markets. Economic history of the Netherlands.

Amsterdam Stock Exchange Bank of Amsterdam Amsterdamsche Wisselbank Brabantsche Compagnie Compagnie van Verre Dutch East India Company Dutch West India Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie. De Nederlandsche Bank Stichting Max Havelaar. Pieter de la Court Joseph de la Vega Louis De Geer Gerard Adriaan Heineken Isaac Le Maire Johan Palmstruch Anton Philips Gerard Philips Nico Roozen Coenraad Johannes van Houten Frans van der Hoff A. Bear raid Central banking Collective investment schemes Common stock Corporate bond Corporate finance Corporate governance Corporate social responsibility Dividend dividend policy Dutch auction Fairtrade certification fairtrade labelling , fair trade labelling initiative , fair trade certification initiative Formal capital markets Futures contract formal futures markets Government debt public debt , national debt Initial public offering IPO Investment banking Listed company Mutual fund Open art market Outward foreign direct investment FDI Public company publicly traded company Secondary markets Securities markets Securitization Share finance Shareholder activism activist shareholder Shareholder advocacy Shareholder revolt shareholder rebellion Stock certificate Short selling naked short selling Stock exchange Stock market equity market Stockbroker Stock trader Stock trading Technical analysis Tontine Transnational corporation.

Financial markets Financial capitalism Financial revolution International financial centres global financial centres Economic growth Economic boom Economic miracle Economic bubble financial bubble , speculative bubble Stock market crash Deindustrialization. Violet Barbour Fernand Braudel Reuven Brenner Jan de Vries William N. Goetzmann Jonathan Israel Deirdre McCloskey K.

Stock Market Crash Of

Geert Rouwenhorst Jacob Soll Edward Stringham Richard Sylla Peter J. Hollander beater ; Wind-powered sawmill.

Financial history of the United Kingdom ; History of the British national debt ; History of British financial markets ; Bank of England ; Cornelius Vermuyden ; Bernard Mandeville. Early industrialization in Sweden ; History of European banknotes ; Bank of Sweden ; Johan Palmstruch ; Louis De Geer.

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