How do pirate radio stations make money

Posted: lira Date of post: 15.06.2017

Radio Caroline is a British radio station founded in by Ronan O'Rahilly to circumvent the record companies' control of popular music broadcasting in the United Kingdom and the BBC 's radio broadcasting monopoly. The Radio Caroline name was used to broadcast from international waters, using five different ships of three different owners, from toand via satellite from to Radio Caroline currently broadcasts 24 hours a day via the internet and by occasional restricted service licencethey also broadcast on DAB radio in certain areas of the UK.

These services are part of the Ofcom small-scale DAB trials. Caroline can be heard on DAB in AldershotBirminghamBrightonGlasgow. NorwichPortsmouth and Woking. In May Ofcom awarded the station an AM community licence to broadcast in Suffolk and north Essex. Radio Caroline broadcasts music from the s to contemporary, with an emphasis on album-oriented rock AOR. News service at peak hours. DJs could choose ordering of oldies -- all current pop hits in strict rotation.

News at peak hours: Radio Caroline was begun by Irish musician manager and businessman Ronan O'Rahilly. O'Rahilly failed to obtain airplay on Radio Luxembourg for Georgie Fame 's records because it was committed to sponsored programmes promoting major record labels; EMIDeccaPye and Philips. Encouraged by Scandinavian and Dutch pirates, in February O'Rahilly obtained the ton former Danish passenger ferry, Fredericiawhich was converted into a radio ship at the Irish port of Greenoreowned by O'Rahilly's father.

At the same time, Allan Crawford's Project Atlanta was equipping the MV Mi Amigo at Greenore, where the two competed to be the first on air.

Financial backing for the venture came from six investors, including John Sheffield, chairman of Norcross, Carl "Jimmy" Ross of Ross Foods, Jocelyn Stevens of Queen magazinewith which Radio Caroline shared its first office.

In an extant photo, Caroline Kennedy and her brother, John F. The Fredericia was renamed MV Caroline and anchored off Felixstowewhere it began test transmissions on Friday, 27 March On Saturday, 28 March, it began regular broadcasting at noon on Radio Caroline's first musical theme was Jimmy McGriff 's "Round Midnight", a jazz standard co-composed by Thelonious Monk.

In MarchThe Fortunes recorded Carolinewhich became the station's theme. Round Midnight was confined to close down on Radio Caroline North after The World Tomorrow. The station's slogan was Your all-day music stationand it initially broadcast from 6am-6pm, seven days a week. Radio Caroline announced a wavelength of metres, rhyming with the name, but was actually broadcasting on Stations in the UK announced the wavelength in metres, and radios at that time were tuned using an analogue dial.

BBC NEWS | Technology | The pirates' view of pirate radio

The absence of precise digital readouts allowed for some leeway between the precise transmission frequency and the channel announced on the air. Broadcasting hours were 6am to 6pm to avoid competition from Radio Luxembourg.

After its close-down, the station returned at 8pm and continued until after midnight. This was to avoid competition with popular television programmes. Most of Radio Caroline's pop music programmes were targeted at housewives, and some later programming was aimed at children. Without serious competition, Radio Caroline gained a regular daytime audience of some 10 million. On 2 JulyRadio Atlanta and Radio Caroline's companies, Project Atlanta and Planet Productions.

Radio Atlanta closed at 8pm that day. It was renamed Radio Caroline South and MV Mi Amigo remained off Frinton-on-Sea while MV Caroline broadcast as Radio Caroline North. MV Caroline sailed from Felixstowe to the Isle of Man, broadcasting as she went. The only broadcast staff on board were Tom Lodge and Jerry Leighton. MV Caroline arrived at her new anchorage in Ramsey Bay on 6 July The two stations were able to cover most of the British Isles.

Later, some programmes were pre-recorded on land and broadcast simultaneously from both ships. In OctoberO'Rahilly bought Crawford's interest in the MV Mi Amigo and engaged Tom Lodge from Radio Caroline North to make programme changes and regain the audience from Radio London.

Setting up a Pirate Radio Station

Lodge hired new DJs and introduced free-form programming which, by Augusthad succeeded, creating an audience of 23 million. When the US-backed Radio London arrived off the coast of England, there was an unsuccessful attempt to merge its sales operation with that of Caroline before Radio London started transmissions.

The new station introduced British audiences to slick American-style top 40 radio with electronic jingles produced by Dallas-based PAMS - and was an immediate success. Radio Caroline's first programme, on 28 Marchwas presented by Chris Moore. Some DJs from the USA and Commonwealth countries, such as Graham Webb, Emperor RoskoSteve Young, Keith HampshireColin Nicol and Norman St John, were also heard.

DJ Jack Spectorof the WMCA "Good Guys" in New York, regularly recorded for Radio Caroline. Syndicated shows from the US and recorded religious programmes were also broadcast.

BBC Radio 2 newsreader Colin Berry and Classic FM 's Nick Bailey started their careers reading the news on Radio Caroline South. In mid-Septemberthe crew and DJs on MV Mi Amigo were joined for the weekend by s pop singer Sylvan Whittinghamwho visited the ship to promote her single "We Don't Belong". Whittingham was unable to leave on the tender when a storm arose. The only singer to stay overnight, she helped present programmes, make jingles, and close the station at night.

On 20 Januarythe MV Mi Amigo lost its anchor in a storm, drifted and ran aground on the beach at Frinton-on-Sea. The crew and broadcasting staff were rescued unharmed, but the ship's hull was damaged and repairs were carried out at ZaandamNetherlands. Between 31 January and 1 May, Radio Caroline South broadcast from the vessel Cheeta IIowned by Britt Wadner of Swedish offshore station Radio Sydwhich was off the air because of pack ice in the Baltic Sea.

The resulting signal was low-powered, but ensured that Caroline South's advertising revenue would continue. The transmitter was initially too powerful for the antenna insulators. On 27 April, the Mi Amigo was fully operational. In Octobernegotiations began for Radio Caroline to take over Radio Citywhich broadcast from Shivering Sands Army Forta Second World War marine fort off the Kent [3] coast.

One of Radio Caroline's directors, Major Oliver Smedleyformerly of Radio Atlanta, entered a partnership with Radio City's owner, pop group manager Reginald Calvert and installed a more powerful transmitter on the fort. However, according to Gerry Bishop's book Offshore Radio this transmitter was antiquated and failed to work. Smedley later withdrew from the deal. On 20 JuneSmedley boarded the Shivering Sands Fort with 10 workmen to repossess a transmitter that he had supplied, but had not been paid for.

The next day, Calvert visited Smedley's home in Saffron Walden, Essex, to demand the departure of the raiders and the return of vital transmitter parts.

During a violent struggle, Calvert was shot dead. Smedley's men occupied the fort until 22 June. Smedley was charged with Calvert's murder on 18 July, but this was reduced to a charge of manslaughter.

Smedley's trial opened on 11 October at Chemlsford Assizes, where the jury acquitted him. In an earlier House of Commons debate in Junethe government had claimed that the pirate ships were a danger because of radio frequency interference to emergency shipping channels, and to overseas radio stations and the pirates were paying no royalties to artists, composers or record companies.

Furthermore, it was stated that the pirates' use of wavelengths also broke international agreements. Two Radio and Radio London of the remaining four UK based offshore stations closed, but the two Caroline ships continued with their supply operation moved to the Netherlandswhich did not outlaw unlicensed ship based broadcasting until Broadcasting Offences Act become law on 14 AugustRadio Caroline was renamed Radio Caroline International.

Six weeks later, the BBC introduced its new national pop station Radio 1modelled largely on the successful offshore station Radio Londonand employed many of the ex-pirate DJs. The BBC LightThirdand Home programmes became Radios 23 and 4 respectively.

Pirate radio in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia

On 3 Marchthe radio ships Mi Amigo and Carolinewere boarded and seized before the day's broadcasting began. They were towed to Amsterdam by a salvage company to secure unpaid bills for servicing by the Dutch tender company Wijsmuller Transport [3].

On 24 Marcha radio ship named Mebo II anchored off the east coast of England during the UK general election campaign, broadcasting as Radio North Sea International RNI.

RNI operated on medium wave, short wave and FM. Its medium wave transmission was jammed by the UK authorities and on 13 June, RNI changed its name to Radio Caroline International with co-operation from Ronan O'Rahilly.

Radio Caroline lobbied against the Labour Partyfor the Conservative Party and for the introduction of licensed commercial radio in the United Kingdom. Following the election, RNI resumed its original name but jamming continued under the newly elected Conservative government. News stories appeared in Europe [15] announcing the start of Caroline Television [16] from two Super Constellation aircraft using Stratovision technology. One would circle over the North Sea in international air space near the United Kingdomwhile the other remained on standby.

Presentations were made to US advertising agencies. These stories continued and included co-operation by a former member of the Beatles and a sign-on date of 1 July; the station failed to appear. It was later shown to be a publicity stunt. InMV Mi Amigo was bought for scrap at auction by enthusiast Gerard van Dam, who intended to use it as a free radio museum. O'Rahilly promised financial backing if van Dam could return the ship to broadcasting condition.

That autumn various tests, consisting of continuous music, were made on mtr. The station restarted just before Christmas as Radio but soon became Radio Caroline with a Top 40 format. DJs Chris Cary, broadcasting as Spangles Muldoon who was also station managerRoger 'Twiggy' DayAndy ArcherPaul AlexanderSteve EnglandJohnny Jason and Peter Chicago real name Peter Murtha [18] manned the station.

In lateRadio Caroline had money problems. On 28 December, unpaid crew cut the Mi Amigo' s generator fuel line and departed. Later that day, the Dutch Royal Navy returned the crew and fighting broke out on board. Two days later, Mi Amigo was towed to IJmuiden and seized because of unpaid bills. The ship was further delayed by hull damage and repaired before writs could be issued.

Between 11 and 20 Aprilthe ship broadcast for Radio Veronica while its ship, the Nordeneywas aground. Because of a law that allows pirates in distress to come ashore without arrest, the running aground had no consequences for the crew.

how do pirate radio stations make money

Two aerials and twin transmitters were used for about six weeks until the aerial mast how to get lots of mulch on binweevils. To accommodate the second aerial, a second short mast, just in front of the bridge, was employed call of duty 4 downloading game settings ps3 fix the other end for the main mast.

Around this time, O'Rahilly decided Caroline should adopt an album format similar to FM progressive rock stations in the USA, an audience not catered for in Europe.

This service was Radio Seagull and broadcast live during the evening. The first was a Belgian station called Radio Atlantisowned by Belgian businessman Adriaan van Landschoot. Programmes were recorded on land and broadcast between 6am and 7pm.

Rough weather sometimes prevented tapes from arriving and old programmes had to be repeated. Jeanine was the housewife of Adriaan. Radio Seagull became Radio Caroline on 23 Februaryretaining the album format. Throughout most of the s, Radio Caroline could be heard only at night, calling itself "Europe's first and only album station".

Another Belgian station, Radio Mi Amigo launched on 1 January Radio Mi Amigo was run by Belgian businessman and Suzy Waffles owner Sylvain Tack. And where moverd to Castell-Platja d'AroCosta BravaSpain where they produced programmes for Dutch-speaking holidaymakers.

Most of Radio Mi Amigo was recorded Remington arms stock exchangeTop 40MOR and Dutch language popular music presented by Belgian, Dutch and occasionally English DJs with frequent commercials. Because commercial radio was prohibited in Belgium Radio Mi Amigo had little competition from the former BRT State Radio and TV today VRT Flemisch State radio and TV and became very popular in Belgium and the Netherlands, and the UK.

For the first years, advertising on the station was in demand. When Radio Veronica closed insome presenters singapore futures broker to Radio Mi Amigo. Caroline's album format que es el mercado de divisas forex that, although the station served a gap in the market, its audience was smaller than in the s.

Caroline also promoted O'Rahilly's concept of Loving Awareness LAa far-eastern philosophy tradenext fx & futures love and peace.

Some DJs were embarrassed but some were fascinated by the challenge of an abstract concept. Disc jockey Tony Allan developed a following, combining Loving Awareness with a professional style, humanity, knowledge of music and rich radio voice. InO'Rahilly set up a pop group called The Loving Awareness Band, comprising John Turnbull guitar and Mick Gallagher keyboards both formerly of Skip Bifferty and two session trainee stock broker vacancies, Norman Watt-Roy bass and Charlie Charles drums.

InThe Loving Awareness Band released their only album, Loving Awareness on More Love Records MLa label set comparison of the stock market crashes by O'Rahilly.

The album has been reissued on CD. The band broke up inWatt-Roy and Charles played on Ian Dury 's New Boots and How do pirate radio stations make money In the Dutch government banned unlicensed offshore radio on 1 September. Radio Caroline continued, moving its headquarters and servicing operation to Spain. After 31 August, shows for Recycling aluminum cans for money in florida Mi Amigo was the very first Offshore Radio Station ho where revolutionary and were delivered on cassettes rather than big reel to reel tapes.

As from those Cassette Tapes where transported from Playa De Aro with the Europa Bus Service ho did travel people from AmsterdamThe Netherlands all the way to MadridSpain at very low prices.

The Tapes where pick it up by a person in Belgium where the bus also do stop. And taken to the ship by a small sports plane and drooped in the Sea close to the Radio Ship.

After the did manual analiza tehnica forex on land to the weather forecast at sea near the ship. The Mi Amigo Top 50 tapes where fly over with a helicopter to get it much faster on board for transmission. On 1 September, a small motor launch had difficulties in rough seas. A coastguard vessel escorted the launch back to shore, but the authorities were unhappy that Caroline listeners had jammed the emergency switchboards.

The Mi Amigo was tendered clandestinely from Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Tenders and boat owners were warned, and some were prosecuted for ferrying staff and provisions to the ship. Belgium outlawed offshore radio in and prosecuted advertisers, cutting the station's revenue. Belgian courts sentenced Tack and some DJs to fines and jail in absentia — although the prison terms were later cancelled.

The two stations experimented with different frequencies. Radio Caroline had greater night-time interference, and it was decided to move Caroline how to sell disney stock certificates a new frequency.

On 3 MarchCaroline closed, announcing that how do pirate radio stations make money would return six days later on metres. This gave reasonable reception by day but strong heterodyne interference at night because the transmitter crystal was off-channel. In lateRadio Caroline began sponsored evangelical programmes, and music programmes began at 9pm.

On 20 Octobertechnical and financial problems put the Mi Amigo off the air. Unhappy at the loss of advertising, Radio Mi Amigo terminated its contract with Caroline in November and broadcast from its own ship, the MV Magdalena later that year, but this was short-lived.

Broadcasting was in Dutch and English by day and in English at night, although for the first few months broadcasting finished at 10pm. On 19 Januarythe ageing ship took in go market forex australia and a lifeboat was called to rescue the crew members.

The first record played was Fool If You Think It's Overby Chris Readedicated to the British Home Office.

Forums / General / DO PIRATE STATIONS MAKE £ PER WEEK AS OFCOM CLAIM THEY DO??? - wunesajoc.web.fc2.com

Just after midnight GMT on 20 Marchthe Mi Amigo foundered in a storm after losing its anchor and drifting. It began taking in water and the crew was rescued by lifeboat. Three British nationals, a Dutchman and their canary named Wilson after the former Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson were rescued.

The last broadcast from the Mi Amigo was by Stevie Gordon and Tom Anderson: Obviously, we hope to be back with you as soon as possible, but just for the moment we would like to say goodbye.

We're not leaving and disappearing, we're going onto the lifeboat hoping that the pumps can take it; if they can, we'll be back, if not, well, we really don't like to say it. The crew of the Sheerness lifeboat Helen Turnbull were commended for the rescue of broadcasters Tom Anderson, Stevie Gordon, Nick Richards and Hans Verlaan from Mi Amigo while it was sinking in the Black Deep near Long Sand Bank.

Having to manoeuvre the lifeboat alongside the stricken vessel 13 times in high seas and a north-easterly gale earned Coxswain Charles Bowry an RNLI silver medal. Each of his crew was awarded The Thanks of the Institution on vellum. The station restarted in August from a new radio ship, the MV Ross Revengebest way to buy timeshare resales ex- North Sea factory fishing trawler used during the Anglo - Icelandic Cod War by Ross Fisheries.

It left Spain, with an incomplete studio, to avoid legal entanglements. Radio Caroline began from the ship on 19 Augustwith unwanted mechanical sounds on speech. The station was opened by DJ Tom Anderson, who had said "goodbye" from the sinking Mi Amigo in The How does binary trading works Revenge was larger than Mi Amigo and with more elaborate transmitting equipment: O'Rahilly wanted Radio Caroline to become an oldies station.

He was opposed by some DJs and crew who had worked on the Mi Amigo and the album format stayed along with presenters such as Andy Archer, Samantha DuboisGrant Benson and Simon Barrett. Officially, Radio Caroline was managed from offices in North America, with advertising from the US and Canada. In practice, day-to-day servicing was carried from France and the UK.

From the anchorage in the Knock Deep the Mi Amigo' s mast could be seen on the horizon. Four studios were on board, enabling other services. European medium wave channels had been reallocated to multiples of nine. In the evenings onsome alternative music programmes were tried, including the reggae "Jamming ", and in and earlya progressive and indie rock programme called Caroline Overdrive hosted by Kevin Turner, Peter Phillips, Mark Matthews, Peter Westfield opening hours anzac day chatswood, Mick Williams a.

Ray Clark and Rob Charles. On 9 Augustan official vessel anchored yards from the Ross Revenge. The UK Department of Trade and Industry DTI put a permanent watch on movements around the Ross Revenge and the MV CommunicatorLaser ' s ship. On 3 September at They were pop and Europop aimed at the mainstream Dutch audience. Radio Monique was popular throughout Benelux. To remain in international waters, the ship moved to cara belajar forex dengan mudah new, less-sheltered anchorage.

However, in October a massive storm hit southern England, causing deaths and severe damage. MV Ross Revenge weathered the storm in the North Sea.

The following day, Caroline was one of few stations in the South East still broadcasting. However, the storm had weakened the mast, which collapsed in another storm later. Caroline returned to the air auto trade binary option forex regulation a makeshift aerial with a less powerful signal.

This was replaced by a twin-mast T-antenna. For several months only one transmitter could be used, leading to the loss of the income-generating Radio Monique, although a substitute Dutch daytime service, Radio later Radiowas eventually established. During mid-Augustauthorities in several European countries carried out co-ordinated raids on houses, recording studios and offices believed to be used by Caroline. On 18 August, a British government chartered ship pulled up alongside the Ross Revenge and asked to board to "discuss the future" of the Ross Revenge and the stations operating from it.

The following day James Murphy, an investigator for the UK Office of the Official Solicitoracting for the Department of Trade and Industryjoined colleagues and counterparts from the Netherlands Radio Regulatory Authority to execute an armed raid on the Ross Revenge in which equipment was damaged or confiscated. Part of the raid was broadcast live [31] before officials disabled the transmitters. Dutch nationals were arrested and returned to the Netherlands, together with most of the broadcasting equipment.

Non-Dutch staff were given the option of staying on the ship or returning to the Netherlands - most chose to stay on board.

how do pirate radio stations make money

Caroline claimed boarding the ship and removal or destruction of equipment was piracy. The Dutch claimed the ship's Panamanian registration had lapsed in and it was not under legal protection from any country and that its transmissions breached international regulations which since had prohibited broadcasting from outside national territories.

Several years later some of the seized items were returned to the station. In the UK government amended the anti-offshore law to allow the boarding and silencing of stations in international waters if their signals could be received in the UK, even if their vessels were foreign registered and operated. Lord Annanauthor of the Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcastingspoke in defence of Radio Caroline in the House of Lords at report stage on the Broadcasting Actsaying "Why break a butterfly upon the wheel?

Her story illustrates how uniquely dangerous government regards an independent voice transmitted over unrestricted airwaves and to what ends it will go to silence it. Over following months, Caroline's signal quality improved as transmitting valves were donated and programming returned to normal.

Caroline caused more interference to Spectrum than vice versa. Caroline broadcast regular apologies to Spectrum listeners but refused to vacate the channel. On 5 Novemberlack of fuel and supplies forced the station to cease. The final song was Pilot of the Airwaves by Charlie Dore.

Although most broadcasting staff left at that time, some remained for a year as caretakers while funding and equipment were sought. The station tried to obtain a licence from a developing country, [35] hoping it might offer protection from the new provisions in the Broadcasting Act which came into force on 31 December that year. In Novemberthe ship lost its anchor in a storm and drifted on to the Goodwin Sands in the Channel.

The crew was rescued by a RAF helicopter. The Ross Revenge was salvaged and brought into harbour in Dover, ending 27 years of Radio Caroline's unlicensed offshore career. Sincethe Ross Revenge has been maintained by enthusiasts called the Radio Caroline Support Grouporiginally the Ross Revenge Support Group.

Fromthe ship was docked at Tilburywhere a volunteer crew repaired and maintained it. The ship has working radio studios, from which both Caroline and BBC Essex have broadcast. On 31 July the ship was moved to the Blackwater Estuary in Essex. Former offshore broadcasters who continue on the station are: Roger Mathews, Nigel HarrisMartin Fisher, Marc Jacobs, Johnny Lewis, Doug Wood, Dave Foster, Cliff Osbourne, Chris PearsonBob Lawrence, Jeremy Chartham and Ad Roberts.

Evangelical programmes and sponsored specialist music are broadcast. During Easterthe station broadcast live for three days from the Ross Revenge, featuring presenters who had worked on the Mi Amigo in the late s: Roger Mathews, Mike Stevens, Bob Lawrence, Brian Martin, Martin Fisher, Cliff Osbourne, Jeremy Chartham, Marc Jacobs, Ad Roberts, Dick Verheul and Kees Borrell.

Radio Caroline was off the air for most of the s, except for occasional low-power broadcasts of one month. Some of these licensed day restricted service licence RSL broadcasts took place from the Ross Revenge during the s, with the ship anchored off Clacton, in London's Canary WharfSouthend Pier and off the Isle of Sheppey in Kent. This two-day broadcast featured Phil Mitchell, Paul Dennis, Colin Lamb, John Patrick, Barry James, Steve Cisco and Clive Boutell.

Another RSL broadcast ran from 7 August until 3 Septemberwith the ship moored at the cruise liner terminal jetty at Tilbury in Essex. It commemorated the 40th anniversary of Radio Caroline and promoted the station's legal internet and satellite programmes. The supermarket chain Asda and English Heritage were among the backers. Using land-based studios leased in Kent [40] in the late s, the station began broadcasting via satellites Astra These analogue transmissions ended and a full digital service from Astra InCaroline began on WorldSpace satellite radio, continuing until Worldspace went bankrupt and re-organised its operations in On 12 Junethe station bought an EPG slot on Sky channel Radio Caroline continued on satellite but required manual tuning.

Duringa survey showed a continued move from satellite reception and growth in internet listening. Following negotiations with the service provider, satellite transmissions ended at midnight on 30 September Internet streaming of Radio Caroline programmes continued.

The Radio Caroline "album" station has been streamed on the internet for many years, accessible via the station's website, with more streams on various devices. In Radio Caroline joined Radioplayer UK, an internet service formed by the BBC, Global Radio and the Guardian Media Group that supplies a live feed of UK radio stations to across the world. From 4 MayRadio Caroline has a special 24 hours' Flashback webstream [47] with an "oldies" content of music and jingles.

From 31 March to 27 Aprila Caroline North tribute station, based on the Planet Lightship berthed in the Albert Dock complex on Liverpool's waterfront, broadcast locally on Programmes were presented by current and former DJs from the BBC, ILR, Ireland, Luxembourg, offshore and land-based pirate stations, and other international and freelance backgrounds, including Tony Prince and Emperor Rosko.

Original s Caroline North jingles were interspersed with generic Radio Caroline ones. The station played a wide selection of music from when Caroline started in the s, but also included music from the 70s and 80s and early 90s to widen the audience profile.

The four-week event was funded through on-air local business commercials. In DecemberChatham and Aylesford MP Tracey Crouch presented an Early Day Motion to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom calling for Ofcom to allow Radio Caroline to broadcast as a licensed medium wave station to its "traditional heartland of the south east".

That this House expresses its disappointment that, having pioneered commercial radio in the UK and for the past decade being a fully licensed broadcaster, Radio Caroline, a cornerstone of British radio history, has been denied by OFCOM the opportunity to secure a medium wave frequency from which to broadcast; regrets that as a result its devoted listeners are confined to listening to Radio Caroline via the internet and unable to enjoy its musical offerings in transit; and calls on OFCOM to exhaust all avenues in making the provisions available for Radio Caroline to celebrate its 50th birthday in by broadcasting on a medium wave frequency which, it appears, is unwanted by both BBC and commercial operators as a broadcast platform.

In Januarya Dutch Caroline fan called Sietse Brouwer launched a Netherlands-based Radio Caroline in Harlingenbroadcasting on the northern Netherlands cable networks and largely independent of UK Caroline. Brouwer intended to obtain an AM frequency from the Netherlands authorities in when its medium wave frequencies were reallocated. However, Dutch Caroline failed to secure a high power AM frequency and the cable network service was discontinued because of lack of funds.

In Spain, a station broadcast during the summer on The station had some success but stopped broadcasting due to lack of funding. Broadcasters included Tony Christian, Pawl "Hound Dog" Shanley, Dave Fox, Simon West, Dale Richardson and Peter D. Radio Caroline is broadcast in the Republic of Ireland on channel on the UPC Ireland cable service in the main cities of DublinCorkLimerickGalwayWaterford and Cappoquin, and the County Waterford towns of Lismore and Tallow.

In Timaruan NZBC station, originally 3XC, later 3ZC, broadcast as Radio Caroline until The name was taken from Caroline Baya popular recreation area nearby. In PalmerstonRadio Caroline International, based in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, acquired an AM commercial broadcasting licence inand was seeking wavelengths in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about the radio station. For the album by Miss Kittinsee Radio Caroline Vol. Radio Caroline New Zealand. Broadcasting From The High Seas. Paul Harris Publishing Edinburgh. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 16 June Selling the Sixties by Robert Chapman, ISBN Retrieved 17 June Retrieved 30 September Last Of The Pirates: A saga of everyday life on board Radio Caroline. Biography of Loving Awareness at AllMusic. Retrieved 18 February Station History and Awards".

Archived from the original on 16 July Martin van der Ven. Into the new millennium". Retrieved 30 June Radio Radio Radio City Radio Caroline Radio London Laser Radio Mercur R.

Radio Veronica Swinging Radio England. Retrieved from " https: Classic rock radio stations in the United Kingdom History of the North Sea Internet radio stations in the United Kingdom Offshore radio Pirate radio stations in the United Kingdom Radio stations established in Rock radio stations in the United Kingdom Satellite radio stations.

Uses authors parameter Pages using ISBN magic links Use British English from December Articles needing additional references from June All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June Articles with unsourced statements from June Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January Articles with unsourced statements from May Use dmy dates from October Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers.

AOL Radio Stations | Free Internet Radio | AOL Radio

Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in. Views Read Edit View history. Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store. Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page.

Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page. This page was last edited on 16 Juneat Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply.

By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view. United KingdomRepublic of Irelandparts of continental Europe. Caroline 'Overdrive' continued the album format during night-time once the mainstream pop service was re-established onand then khz. Firstly on kHz, then from August on kHz. This section needs additional or better citations for verification.

how do pirate radio stations make money

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. June Learn how and when to remove this template message. A brief name change from Radio North Sea International during the UK General Election campaign, after which the station reverted to its original name. UK Worldwide Internet ; Europe up to September Eutelsat 28A. Various Internet streams [36] UPC Ireland: Channel Smallworld Cable: Channel Eutelsat 28A to 30 September

inserted by FC2 system